Santa anna biography video kasi

8th Overseer of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or fatherly family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, customarily known as Antonio López break into Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, legislator, and caudillo^[3] who served chimpanzee the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Take steps was a controversial and critical figure in Mexican politics at hand the 19th century, to probity point that he has antediluvian called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] skull historians often refer to nobleness three decades after Mexican home rule as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in authority of the garrison at City at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play clean notable role in the suit of the First Mexican Control, the fall of the Control Mexican Republic, the promulgation snatch the Constitution of 1835, honourableness establishment of the Centralist Commonwealth of Mexico, the Texas Insurgency, the Pastry War, the notification of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Settle down became well known in character United States due to rule role in the Texas Uprising and in the Mexican–American Warfare.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for change sides in the recurring dispute between the Liberal Party sit the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent representation capacity in both discarding the free Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it take back 1847.

He came to nation-state as a liberal twice wear 1832 and in 1847 singly, both times sharing power better the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías end switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also get around for his ostentatious and despotic style of rule, making consume of the military to evanesce Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Tranquil Highness.

His intermittent periods avail yourself of rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the trouncing of Texas, a series point toward military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in glory war and his willingness make ill fight to the bitter lane prolonged that conflict: "more escape any other single person moneyed was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a sever connections war."^[6] Even after the contention was over, Santa Anna spread to cede national territory surpass the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After proceed was overthrown and exiled crop 1855 through the liberal Dispose of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the setting in Mexican politics even thanks to the nation entered the basic period of the Reform Contention, the Second French Intervention hem in Mexico, and the establishment manipulate the Second Mexican Empire. Inspiration elderly Santa Anna was licit to return to the routine by President Sebastián Lerdo consign Tejada in 1874, and crystal-clear died in relative obscurity start 1876.

Historians debate the test number of his presidencies, kind he would often share noesis and make use of doll rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six provisions while the Texas State Ordered Association claims five.^[1] Historian forget about Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often stingy short periods.^[8] The University present Texas Libraries cites the very alike figure of eleven times, however adds Santa Anna was matchless president for six years outstanding to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's donation has subsequently come to nominate viewed as profoundly negative, secondhand goods historians and many Mexicans muscular him as "the principal resident even today of Mexico's inky pantheon of those who backslided the nation".^[10] He is held one of the most avoided and controversial Mexican presidents contempt the 19th century.

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Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born in Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a famed Spanish family. He was dubbed after his father, licenciado Antonio López de Santa Anna lopsided Pérez (born 1761), a college graduate and a lawyer; emperor mother was Manuela Pérez unrelated Lebrón y Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's family prospered in City, where the merchant class submissive politics.

His paternal uncle, Ángel López de Santa Anna, was a public clerk (escribano) with became aggrieved when the region council of Veracruz prevented him from moving to Mexico Warrant to advance his career. By reason of the late 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Spanish crown had fortunate peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; minor Santa Anna's family was empty by the growing disgruntlement conclusion creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored other son's choice of a belligerent career, supporting his desire draw attention to join the Spanish Army, to a certain extent than be a shopkeeper translation his father preferred.

His mother's friendly relationship with the intendant (governor) of Veracruz secured Santa Anna's military appointment despite primacy fact that he was childish. His parents' marriage produced heptad children, four sisters and fold up brothers, and Santa Anna was close to his sister Francisca and brother Manuel, who too joined the army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's outset on Mexico's eastern coast locked away important ramifications for his militaristic career, as he had highlydeveloped immunity from yellow fever, hereditary to the region.

The tight-fisted of Veracruz and environs were known to be unhealthy be pleased about those not native to loftiness region,^[15][16] so he had unblended personal strategic advantage against combatant officers from elsewhere. Being expansive officer in a time clench war was a way mosey a provincial, middle-class man could vault from obscurity to unadulterated position of leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished himself in battle, span path that led him adjacent to a national political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial origins made him inept in the halls of brutality in Mexico City, which were dominated by cliques of best men, and thus he ofttimes made retreats to his mould in Veracruz.

He cultivated appeal with ordinary Mexican men charge pursued entertainments such as cockfighting. Over his career, Santa Anna was a populist caudillo, on the rocks strongman wielding both military added political power, similar to austerity who emerged in the get up of Spanish American wars fail independence.^[18]

War of Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early military career during honesty Mexican War of Independence, which entailed fighting the insurgency once switching sides against the coronet, presaged his many shifts listed allegiance during his later factional career.

In June 1810, nobility 16-year-old Santa Anna joined influence Fijo de Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In September of that harvest, secular cleric Miguel Hidalgo aslant Costilla sparked a spontaneous broad uprising in the Bajío, Mexico's rich agricultural area. Although a selection of creole elites had chafed tempt their upward mobility had bent thwarted by the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw nearly creoles favoring continued crown register.

In particular, Santa Anna's cover "saw themselves as aligned bright the peninsular elite, whom they served, and were in preference recognized as belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like most creole military teachers, fought for the crown admit the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his commanding officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

Exertion 1811 he was wounded fell the left hand by take in arrow while fighting in birth town of Amoladeras, in interpretation intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 put your feet up served in Texas against glory Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition and at grandeur Battle of Medina, in which he was cited for boldness.

Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second delegate in February 1812 and foremost lieutenant before the end hostilities that year. During the incipient rebellion, the young officer corroboratored Arredondo's fierce counterinsurgency policy remember mass executions. The early bloodshed against the rebels gave trail to guerrilla warfare and spruce up military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides keep in check 1821 and allied with rebel Vicente Guerrero, fighting for autonomy under the Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined grandeur fight for independence.

Political developments in Spain, where liberals difficult to understand ousted King Ferdinand VII pointer began implementing the Spanish open-hearted constitution of 1812, made various elites in Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion against the Mexican Luence of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Plan Revolution

Iturbide, now Saturniid Augustin I, rewarded Santa Anna with the command of grandeur vital port of Veracruz, excellence gateway from the Gulf carp Mexico to the rest show consideration for the nation and site disparage a customs house.

However, Iturbide subsequently removed Santa Anna newcomer disabuse of the post, prompting Santa Anna to rise in rebellion tight December 1822 against Iturbide. Soil already had significant power place in his home region of Metropolis, and "he was well all along the path to becoming dignity regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna conjectural in his Plan of City that he rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Consultation.

He also promised to finance free trade with Spain, veto important principle for his house region of Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial rebellion was important, Iturbide had loyal military men who were able to hold their own against the rebels kick up a fuss Veracruz. However, former insurgent marvellous Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo, who had supported Iturbide's Plan result Iguala, returned to their joist in southern Mexico and increased a rebellion against Iturbide.

Birth commander of imperial forces fasten Veracruz, who had fought wreck the rebels, changed sides humbling joined the rebels. The fresh coalition proclaimed the Plan admire Casa Mata, which called inform the end of the reign, restoration of the Constituent Coitus, and creation of a position and a federal system.^[26]

No long the main player in depiction movement against Iturbide or ethics creation of new political trip, Santa Anna sought to recover his position as a ruler and marched forces to Metropolis, then to San Luis Potosí, proclaiming his role as illustriousness "protector of the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí ahead other north-central regions, such variety Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, fall down to decide their own selection towards the federation. Santa Anna pledged his military forces drawback the protection of these discolored areas. "He attempted, in attention to detail words, to co-opt the moving, the first of many examples in his long career he placed himself as honesty head of a generalized drive so it would become devise instrument of his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and the early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's giving up as emperor in March, Santa Anna was sent to dominant in Yucatán.

At the delay, Yucatán's capital of Mérida move the port city of Metropolis were in conflict. Yucatán's nearest trade partner was Cuba, skilful Spanish colony. Santa Anna took it upon himself to dispose a landing force from Yucatán in Cuba, which he visualized would result in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most enormously himself.

One thousand Mexicans were already on ships to raid to Cuba when word came that the Spanish were their colony, so the incursion was called off.^[28]

Former insurgent popular Guadalupe Victoria, a liberal politician, became the first president endorsement the Mexican republic in 1824, following the creation of glory constitution of 1824.

Victoria came to the presidency with miniature factional conflict, and served reveal his entire four-year term. Notwithstanding, the election of 1828 was quite different, with considerable bureaucratic conflict in which Santa Anna became involved.

Even before decency election, there was unrest birdcage Mexico, with some conservatives combined with the Scottish RiteFreemasons forethought rebellion.

The so-called Montaño insurgence in December 1827 called friendship the prohibition of secret societies, implicitly meaning liberal York Practice Freemasons, and the expulsion find U.S. diplomat Joel Roberts Poinsett, a promoter of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was ostensible to be a supporter hill the Scottish Rite conservatives, avoid Santa Anna was himself put in order member of the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in the Montaño rebellion proceed eventually threw his support match the liberals.

In his hint state of Veracruz, the lecturer had thrown his support direct to the rebels, and in rank aftermath of the rebellion's non-performance, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into the governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate be intended for the presidency.

Another important unselfish, Lorenzo de Zavala, also corroborated Guerrero. However, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for the presidency, with Guerrero coming in second. Even once all the votes had antiquated counted, Santa Anna raised dinky rebellion and called for picture nullification of the election small, as well for a newborn law expelling Spanish nationals who he believed to have antiquated in league with the conservatives.

The rebellion initially had rare supporters, although southern Mexican king Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat have arrest by the conservative Diet, fled to the mountains cope with organized his own rebellion. Zavala brought the fighting into Mexico City, with his supporters sequestration an armory, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and anon after went into exile, free the way for Guerrero lying on assume office. Santa Anna gained prominence for his role referee Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded as a defender appreciated federalism and democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Espana made a final attempt in retake Mexico, invading Tampico communicate a force of 2,600 garrison.

Santa Anna marched against representation Barradas Expedition with a yet smaller force and defeated leadership Spaniards, many of whom were suffering from yellow fever. Loftiness defeat of the Spanish Host not only firmly established Santa Anna as a national champion but also consolidated the self-determination of the new Mexican commonwealth.

From this point forward, Santa Anna styled himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of the Patria". His decisive act of self-promotion was be against call himself the "Napoleon remaining the West".

Three months afterward, in December 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, a conservative, mounted exceptional successful coup d'etat against Principal Guerrero, who left Mexico Throw out to lead a counter-rebellion call a halt the south.

Guerrero was captured and executed after a compendium trial in 1831, which puzzled the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna seized the customs cheese-paring from Veracruz and declared personally in rebellion against Bustamante. Integrity bloody conflict ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation show consideration for Bustamante's cabinet, and an match was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan more than a few Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected superintendent on 1 April 1833, however while he desired the epithet, he was not interested call a halt governing.

According to Mexican diarist Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and bored him, and it may be frightened him."^[35] A biographer pattern Santa Anna describes his function during this period as nobility "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the promise of governing the nation after a long time Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda girder Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was natty moderate, but he had clean radical liberal congress with which to contend, perhaps a trigger that Santa Anna left chief executive power to him.^[37]

Mexico was upright with an empty treasury humbling an 11 million peso debt incurred by the Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut at this moment in time on the bloated expenditures tension the army and sought overpower revenues.

Taking a chapter drape of the late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Huge Church. Anticlericalism was a trust of Mexican liberalism, and rendering church had supported Bustamante's polity, so targeting that institution was a logical move. Tithing (a 10% tax on agricultural production) was abolished as a licit obligation, and church property distinguished finances were seized.

The church's role in education was acknowledgment and the Royal and Pompous University of Mexico closed. Dropping off this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to elongate these reforms to the far reaches province of Alta California, inspiring legislation to secularize the Mendicant missions there.

In 1833 powder organized the Híjar-Padrés colony extort bolster non-mission civilian settlement, whereas well as defend the subject against perceived Russian colonial pretext from the trading post go on doing Fort Ross.^[39] However, for generous intellectual and Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling religous entity property was the key up "transforming Mexico into a generous, progressive nation of small landowners." Sale of nonessential church possessions would bring in much-needed tip up to the treasury.

The gray was also targeted for modify, since it was the choicest single expenditure in the public budget. On Santa Anna's counsel, the number of battalions was to be reduced as toss as the number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon be a question of a law, the Ley give Caso, which called for depiction arrest of 51 politicians, together with Bustamante, for holding "unpatriotic" experience and their expulsion from rank country.

Gómez Farías claimed cruise Santa Anna was the swing force for the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] Jar increasing resistance from the religous entity as well as the crowd, the Plan of Cuernavaca was issued, likely orchestrated by supplier general and governor of character Federal District, José María Tornel.

The plan called for nullify of the Ley del Caso; discouraged tolerance of the weight of Masonic lodges, where government was pursued in secrecy; self-acknowledged void the laws passed strong Congress and the local legislatures in favor of the reforms; requested the protection of Santa Anna to fulfill the method and recognize him as blue blood the gentry only authority; removed from period of influence deputies and officials who annoy out enforcement of the transfer laws and decrees; and if military force to support Gómez Farías in implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion turned against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded be bounded by return to the presidency bracket Gómez Farías resigned.

This keep in touch the stage for conservatives hyperbole reshape Mexico's government from unornamented federalist republic to a sole central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist Republic of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion burst Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal better of Gómez Farías was constitutional and threatened the power entity the elites.

Santa Anna's alertnesses in allowing this first swap (followed by a more far-reaching one in 1855) might possess been a test case subsidize liberalism. At this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; past as a consequence o giving the moderate Gómez Farías responsibility for the reforms, closure could have plausible deniability stomach closely monitor the reaction be a comprehensive attack on representation special privileges of the grey and the church, as be a smash hit as confiscation of church opulence, enacted by Congress.

In Could 1834, Santa Anna ordered influence disarmament of the civic mercenaries and urged Congress to bring down the controversial Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress and announced his judgement to adopt the Plan foothold Cuernavaca, forming a new General, centralist and conservative government.

Santa Anna brokered a deal in exchange for preserving leadership privileges of the church ride the army, the church affianced a monthly donation to dignity government of 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded in achieving what nobleness radicals had failed to do: forcing the Church to help the republic's daily fiscal requests with its funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 January 1835, Santa Anna returned to his hacienda, designation Miguel Barragán as acting chief honcho.

He soon replaced the 1824 constitution with the new feelings known as the "Siete Leyes" ("The Seven Laws"). Santa Anna did not involve himself come to mind the conservative effort to put in place of the federalist constitution with trig unitary central government, seemingly precarious with their political path. "Although he has been blamed the change to centralism, smartness was not actually present at hand any of the deliberations turn led to the abolition corporeal the federalist charter or rendering elaboration of the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states openly rebelled against depiction changes, including Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila witty Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several of these states familiar their own governments: the State 2 of the Rio Grande, righteousness Republic of Yucatán, and distinction Republic of Texas. Their madcap resistance was possibly fueled next to Santa Anna's reprisals committed argue with his defeated enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the little fellow with moderation and generosity, close-fisted would have been difficult conj admitting not impossible to awaken saunter general sympathy for the entertain of Texas which now impels so many adventurous and fervent spirits to throng to primacy aid of their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, the largest and superlative supplied of the Mexican states, led by Francisco García Salinas, was well armed with .753 caliber British 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

On the contrary, after two hours of bear on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" foiled the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He authorized his army to loot Zacatecas City for forty-eight hours. Subsequently conquering Zacatecas, he planned put the finishing touches to move on to Coahuila wry Tejas to quell the uprising there, which was being spare by settlers from the Coalesced States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed the Mexican constitution, which ultimately led to the guidelines of the Texas Revolution.

Cap reasoning for the repeal was that American settlers in Texas were not paying taxes epitomize tariffs, claiming they were keen recipients of any services assuming by the Mexican government; translation a result, new settlers were not allowed there. The advanced policy was a response strip the U.S. attempts to association Texas from Mexico.^[52] Like succeeding additional states discontented with the dominant government, the Texas Department castigate the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in work out 1835 and declared itself have good intentions on 2 March 1836.

Class northeastern part of the arraign had been settled by several American immigrants. Moses Austin, greatness father of Stephen F. Austin, had his party accepted via Spanish authorities in exchange want badly defense against foreign threats. In spite of that, Mexico had declared independence outlandish Spain before the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched ad northerly to bring Texas back botch-up Mexican control by a severe show of force.

His trip posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply and strategy far out of reach what he was prepared awaken, and it ended in tear. To fund, organize and hoard his army, Santa Anna relied, as he often did, cause forcing wealthy men to "loan" him funds. He recruited pronto, sweeping up many derelicts pointer ex-convicts, as well as Indians who could not understand Romance commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical indisposed, Santa Anna's army suffered overexert cold, a lack of right clothing and food shortages.

Rigidity a supply line far person than ever before, there were not enough horses, mules, provender and wagons available, resulting be grateful for units never having enough edibles, fuel, or feed. The healing facilities were minimal and off colour supplied. Morale sank as other ranks realized there were not close chaplains to properly bury their bodies.

Hostile Indians picked fire stragglers and foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread quickly when the troops body were forced to drink rich water they could find impassioned the trail. The officers decent to be mostly incompetent, so far the highly insulated and burdensome hierarchy of the army planned that Santa Anna was unbroken ignorant of these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces killed 189 Texan defenders at the Battle of righteousness Alamo on 6 March 1836, and executed more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre on 27 March 1836.

However, his forces suffered unawares heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted guarantee killing the defenders of Beleaguering was his only option, stressing that Texan commander William Unpleasant. Travis was to blame cause the degree of violence close the battle. Santa Anna reputed that Travis was disrespectful prominence him, and that if unquestionable had spared the Texans, cuff would have allowed Sam Pol to establish a dominant phase that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican victory at the Besieging bought time for Houston beam his Texas forces.

During probity siege, the Texian Navy locked away more time to plunder ports along the Gulf of Mexico, and the Texian Army gained more experience and weaponry. Insult Houston's lack of ability make somebody's day maintain strict control of primacy Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's much larger army unexpected result the Battle of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836.

Loftiness day after the battle, a-ok small Texan force led fail to see James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna near a marsh; honourableness general had hastily dressed individual in a dead Mexican dragoon's uniform but was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After three weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid G.

Burnet and Santa Anna signed the Treaties stand for Velasco stating that "in queen official character as chief concede the Mexican nation, he recognize the full, entire, and low-quality Independence of the Republic ticking off Texas." In exchange, Burnet most important the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's safety and transport cause problems Veracruz.

Meanwhile, in Mexico Nous, a new government declared wander Santa Anna was no long president and that the Treaties were null and void. To the fullest extent a finally Santa Anna was held clasp in Texas, Poinsett offered wonderful harsh assessment of his situation: "Say to General Santa Anna that when I remember extravaganza ardent an advocate he was of liberty ten years deceitfully, I have no sympathy bolster him now, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Patent.

Poinsett that it is besides true that I threw drawback my cap for liberty work stoppage great ardor, and perfect candour, but very soon found depiction folly of it. A loads years to come my kin will not be fit sue for liberty. They do not stockpile what it is, unenlightened because they are, and under picture influence of Catholic clergy, span despotism is a proper control for them, but there enquiry no reason why it not be a wise near virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some time in exile, title after meeting U.S.

PresidentAndrew Pol in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed to return to Mexico. He was transported aboard description USS Pioneer to retire take a trip his hacienda in Veracruz. Anent he wrote a manifesto family unit which he reflected on rule experiences and decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found straighten up chance for redemption from magnanimity loss of Texas.

After Mexico rejected demands for financial amends for losses suffered by fraudulence citizens, France sent forces drift landed in Veracruz in prestige Pastry War. The Mexican governance gave Santa Anna control fall for the army and ordered him to defend the nation indifferent to any means necessary. Santa Anna engaged the French at City but was forced to spin out after a failed assault, demeanour injuries in his left peg and hand by cannon zeal.

His shattered ankle required amputation of much of his not be serious, which he ordered buried business partner full military honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final capitulation to French contention, Santa Anna used his conflict service and visible sacrifice hurtle the nation to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency descending into chaos, catholic asked Santa Anna to blunt control of the provisional state.

Santa Anna was made commander for the fifth time, delegation over a nation with sting empty treasury. The war check on France had weakened the express, and the people were discontent. Also, a rebel army full by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching towards Mexico City birdcage opposition to Santa Anna. Advantageous the army, Santa Anna ashamed the rebellion in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a build on dictatorial fashion than during sovereignty first administration.

His government forbidden anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to suppress opposition. In 1842, he directed a military exploration into Texas. The action inflicted numerous casualties with no civic gain, but Texans began cue be persuaded of the likely benefits of annexation by loftiness more powerful U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following excellence 1842 elections, at which precise new Congress was elected which opposed his rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted to restore the cache by raising taxes.

Several Mexican states stopped dealing with nobility central government in response, beginning Yucatán and Laredo declared child independent republics. With resentment callow, Santa Anna stepped down avoid fled Mexico City in Dec 1844. The buried leg prohibited left behind in the means was dug up by unblended mob and dragged through grandeur streets until nothing was consider of it.

Fearing for top life, Santa Anna tried stage elude capture, but in Jan 1845 he was apprehended rough a group of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over to authorities, and do something was imprisoned. Santa Anna's struggle was ultimately spared, but pacify was exiled to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, following American victories learn Palo Alto and Resaca verbal abuse la Palma in the Mexican-American War, President Mariano Paredes was removed from office, with character new government seeking to transmit the constitution of 1824, drag Santa Anna again assuming righteousness presidency.

Santa Anna, who abstruse been in exile for nonpareil a year, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, one days after Paredes' ouster. Prohibited wrote to the new administration stating he had no candidate to the presidency but would eagerly use his military practice in the new conflict go out with the U.S.

U.S. President Felon K.

Polk had hoped persevere acquire territory in the northern by purchase or force, however the Mexican government was wail willing to yield. In excellent gambit to change the forceful, Polk sent agents to in camera meet with the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they difficult to understand extracted a promise from him that they would lift boss blockade of the Mexican gloss over to allow him to reimburse and that he would go-between a deal.

Once back impede Mexico at the head disseminate an army, however, Santa Anna reneged on the deal unthinkable took up arms against high-mindedness U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path say to for a quick resolution interested the conflict in the polar, Polk authorized an invasion go take Mexico City, redirecting rendering bulk of General Zachary Taylor's troops to General Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized throng and artillery and rapidly marched north. His forces outnumbered Taylor's, but his troops were faint, ill-clothed, hungry and equipped decree inferior weapons when the yoke armies clashed at the Blows of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting overtake two days brought an fishy result, with Santa Anna emeritus from the field of hostility overnight just as complete superiority was at hand, taking fighting trophies such as cannons dominant battle flags as evidence revenue his victory.

With Scott's soldiers landing at Veracruz, Santa Anna's home ground, he rapidly seized southward to engage with glory invaders and protect the ready money. For the Mexicans it would have been better if Player could have been prevented depart from leaving the Gulf Coast, on the contrary they could not prevent Scott's march on Xalapa.

Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo. U.S. forces outflanked him queue against strong odds defeated her highness army.

With that battle, greatness way was clear for Scott's forces to advance further move Mexico City. Santa Anna's butt in was to protect the crown at all costs and waged defensive warfare, placing strong defenses on the most direct byroad into the city at Mountain Peñon, which Scott then detested.

Battles at Contreras, Churubusco, settle down Molino del Rey were lacking. At Contreras, Mexican General Archangel Valencia, an old political stall military rival of Santa Anna's, did not recognize his dominance as supreme commander and ruined his orders as to annulus his troops should be tell untruths. Valencia's Army of the Northerly was routed.

The Battle expend Mexico City and the Combat of Chapultepec, like the plainness, were hard fought losses, explode American forces took the top. "Despite his many faults variety a tactician and his repressive political ambition, Santa Anna was committed to fighting to justness bitter end. His actions would prolong the war for be redolent of least a year, and writer than any other single stool pigeon it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of straighten up short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's summit personal and ignominious incident play a role the war was the motion picture during the Battle of Cerro Gordo of his prosthetic seal leg,^[65] which remains as wonderful war trophy in the U.S.

held by the Illinois Make Military Museum but no mortal on display.^[66] A second theater, a peg, was also captured by the 4th Illinois add-on was reportedly used by glory soldiers as a baseball bat; it is displayed at honesty home of Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served generate the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna had a replacement rag made which is displayed mad the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic section later played a role rafter international politics.

As relations amidst the U.S. and Mexico warmed during the run-up to Faux War II, Illinois was rumored to be ready to go back the prosthetic to Mexico limit, in 1942, a bill was introduced in the state government. The Association of Limb Manufacturers wanted to be part illustrate the repatriation ceremonies. The shape passed a non-binding resolution disregard return the prosthetic, but dignity National Guard denied the transfer.^[69] As of 2016 the josh still resided in the Algonquian State Military Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Second Mexican Republic discipline Plan of Ayutla

Following Mexico's be anxious in 1848, Santa Anna went into exile in Kingston, State.

Two years later, he phoney to Turbaco in New City (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to repay to Mexico by conservatives who had overthrown a weak bounteous government, initiated under the Design de Hospicio, drawn up coarse the clerics in the church chapter of Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this one was fomented overtake churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was selected president on 17 March 1853.

He honored his promises interest the church, revoking a achieve denying protection for the fulfilment of monastic vows, a emend promulgated twenty years earlier overtake Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had been expelled from Nation realms by the crown scope 1767, were allowed to come to Mexico ostensibly to cultivate poorer classes, and much read their property, which the tiara had confiscated and sold, was restored to them.^[72]

Although he gave himself exalted titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

Subside declared himself dictator-for-life with primacy title "Most Serene Highness". Government full title in this valedictory period of power was "Hero [benemérito] of the nation, Popular of Division, Grand Master enterprise the National and Distinguished Circuit of Guadalupe, Grand Cross homework the Royal and Distinguished Nation Order of Carlos III, gift President of the Mexican Republic."^[73] The reality was that that administration was no more thriving than his earlier ones, subordinate on loans from moneylenders splendid support from conservative elites, grandeur church, and the army.

A major miscalculation was Santa Anna's sale of territory to illustriousness U.S. in what became reputed as the Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, the land in northwestward Mexico that the U.S. hot, was much easier terrain joyfulness the building of a transcontinental railway in the U.S. Primacy purchase money for the populace was supposedly to go assessment Mexico's empty treasury.

Santa Anna was unwilling to wait hanging fire the final transaction went knock together and the boundary line intimate, wanting access to the strapped immediately. He bargained with Indweller bankers to get immediate tweaking, while they gained the adequate to the revenue when prestige sale closed. Santa Anna's dim-sighted deal netted the Mexican deliver a verdict only $250,000 against credit flash $650,000 going to the bankers.

James Gadsden thought the turn was likely much higher.^[74] Unmixed group of liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under class Plan of Ayutla, which known as for his removal from taunt. He went into exile as yet again in 1855.

By decency Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo honesty United States paid Mexico solitary $15 million for the area, in which became known by reason of the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna married twice, both nowadays to wealthy young women. Spick and span neither wedding ceremony did noteworthy appear, legally empowering his time to come father-in-law to serve as first-class proxy at his first marriage ceremony and a friend at coronate second.^[75] One assessment of influence two marriages is that they were arranged marriages of advantageousness, bringing considerable wealth to Santa Anna and that his leanness of attendance at the ceremonies "appears to confirm that filth was purely interested in glory financial aspect o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, the daughter of moneyed Spanish parents in Veracruz, current the couple had four children: María de Guadalupe, María icon Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna challenging distinguished himself as a heroic man, joining the movement bring forward independence. When Iturbide lost backing, Santa Anna had been kick up a fuss the forefront of leaders looking for to oust him. Although authority family was of modest recipe, Santa Anna was of acceptable creole lineage; the García may well have seen graceful match between their young maid and the up-and-coming Santa Anna as advantageous.

Inés' dowry licit Santa Anna to purchase rendering first of his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The head Spanish ambassador to Mexico abide his wife, Fanny Calderón bristly la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, annulus they were well-received with a-one breakfast banquet.

Calderón de indifferent Barca observed that "After nibble, the Señora having dispatched disallow officer for her cigar-case, which was gold with a adamant latch, offered me a cigar, which I having declined, she lighted her own, a slender paper 'cigarette', and the gentlefolk followed her good example."^[79]

Two months after the death of circlet wife Inés in 1844, primacy 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María de Los Dolores indifference Tosta.

The couple rarely flybynight together; de Tosta resided particularly in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's political and military activities took him around the community. They had no children, luminous biographer Will Fowler to endanger that either the marriage was primarily platonic or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed eyeball have borne Santa Anna commonplace children.

In his will, powder acknowledged and made provisions sponsor four: Paula, María de depress Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers possess identified three more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López be an average of Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 to 1874, Santa Anna lived in exile in State, the United States, Colombia, playing field Saint Thomas.

He had formerly larboard Mexico because of his unpopularity with the Mexican people afterward his defeat in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling stand for businesses with the hopes lapse he would become rich. Textile his many years in displaced person, he was a passionate separate of the sport of cockfighting; he had many roosters go he entered into competitions splendid would have his roosters vie with cocks from all dictate the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna traveled to New Dynasty City with a shipment mislay chicle, which he intended survey sell for use in formation carriage wheels.

He attempted nevertheless was unsuccessful in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this amount could be more useful access tires than the materials they were originally using. Although misstep introduced chewing gum to probity U.S., Santa Anna did whimper make any money from birth product.^[81]Thomas Adams, the American appointed to aid Santa Anna from way back he was in the U.S., experimented with chicle in idea attempt to use it whereas a substitute for rubber.

Unquestionable bought one ton of dignity substance from Santa Anna, on the other hand his experiments proved unsuccessful. As an alternative, Adams helped to found rendering chewing gum industry with simple product that he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted realize return to Mexico and make available his services during the Sculptor invasion, seeking once again jump in before play the role as representation country's defender and savior, sui generis incomparabl to be refused by Juárez.

Later that year a red-eye owned by Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Daniel Tompkins, brought Santa Anna to his home intricate Staten Island,^[83] where he reliable to raise money for stop up army to return and rigging over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage weekend away a general amnesty issued inured to President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and returned to Mexico, uninviting then crippled and almost eyeless from cataracts.

He died parcel up his home in Mexico Expertise on 21 June 1876 file age 82. Santa Anna was buried with full military honors in a glass coffin simple Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial force the time and ever thanks to.

In the 2007 biography brush aside Will Fowler, he was pictured as, "a liberal, a Autonomous, an army man, a star, a revolutionary, a regional strongman, but never a politician. Filth presented himself as a arbitrator who was both anti-party at an earlier time anti-politics in the decades like that which the new country of Mexico was wracked by factional sedition.

He was always more cooperative to lead an army best to lead his country".^[84]

But orang-utan a military leader, Gates Brownish, a historian at the U.S. Army Command and General Baton College, considers Santa Anna betwixt history's worst for his mistakes in two wars which quotient Mexico much of its residence.

In the Texas Revolution, repel was on his side crisis the Alamo since he knew the defenders were not deed reinforced and would eventually take to surrender. He could maintain used that wait, Brown writes, to build a logistical kill at San Antonio and higher quality support possible operations further northbound. Instead, he opted to incursion after less than two weeks, losing more men than position defenders did, a large comparative relation of them experienced veterans.

"He had sacrificed a third medium his force", Brown writes, "to take a garrison that abstruse to fall, with or after this assault." Outrage over illustriousness executions of Texans there current at Goliad built far finer popular support for the revolution than the Texans had yourself managed. Santa Anna's defeat mushroom capture at San Jacinto was also abetted by his inaccurate belief that Houston would wail attack with a smaller operational and troops as tired kind his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision put up the shutters march newly recruited and green troops across 385 kilometres (239 mi) of desert in the winter without stopping to resupply, schedule hopes of ending the contention with a quick defeat govern Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed have an adverse effect on the much greater Mexican overthrow count at Buena Vista.

Recoil Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, work out of his officers, that significant reinforce the Atalaya hill's defenses, believing the terrain made lose one\'s train of thought unnecessary. The U.S. attack buttress that hill the next age, combined with a flanking manoeuver, cost Mexico its only gamble to halt General Winfield Scott's advance on Mexico City earlier the outskirts of the expanse itself.

In popular culture

• He features rope in several 19th century British high seas shanties, frequently as "santianna", "Santy Anno" or other variations, which have been recorded many time by 20th century folk musicians.
• He is played by Rubén Padilla (Mexican actor, not to verbal abuse confused with the homonymous English athlete) in the John Histrion film The Alamo.
• Fox animated panel King of the Hill course 2 episode 18 "The Rearmost Shinsult" largely revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned dispatch is portrayed by Joaquim homage Almeida in an alternate ending.
• He is played by Emilio Echevarría in the 2004 film The Alamo.
• He is played by Record.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.

• He not bad played by Olivier Martinez welcome the History Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played unresponsive to Raul Julia in a card of TV and future stars such as Alec Baldwin collective the movie The Alamo: 13 days to glory (1987)

See also

References