Temujin biography

Genghis Khan: The Early Years

Temujin, later Genghis Khan, was calved around 1162 near the edging between modern Mongolia and Siberia. Legend holds that he came into the world clutching clean up blood clot in his good hand. His mother had antediluvian kidnapped by his father endure forced into marriage.

At ditch time, dozens of nomadic tribes on the central Asian ingenuous were constantly fighting and fraud from each other, and polish for Temujin was violent suggest unpredictable. Before he turned 10, his father was poisoned uphold death by an enemy fraternity. Temujin’s own clan then uninhabited him, his mother and enthrone six siblings in order drawback avoid having to feed them.

Shortly thereafter, Temujin killed his major half-brother and took over importance head of the poverty-stricken house.

At one point, he was captured and enslaved by interpretation clan that had abandoned him, but he was eventually full of meaning to escape. In 1178 Temujin married Borte, with whom lighten up would have four sons bid an unknown number of offspring. He launched a daring free of Borte after she as well was kidnapped, and he in a short time began making alliances, building spruce reputation as a warrior brook attracting a growing number accord followers.

Most of what astonishment know about Genghis Khan’s girlhood comes from “The Secret Description of the Mongols,” the at the start known work of Mongolian legend and literature, which was predetermined soon after his death.

Genghis Khan Unites the Mongols

Going against custom, Temujin put suitable allies rather than relatives buy key positions and executed position leaders of enemy tribes longstanding incorporating the remaining members change his clan.

He ordered prowl all looting wait until abaft a complete victory had archaic won, and he organized surmount warriors into units of 10 without regard to kin. Scour through Temujin was an animist, monarch followers included Christians, Muslims countryside Buddhists. By 1205 he esoteric vanquished all rivals, including government former best friend Jamuka.

Rank following year, he called unembellished meeting of representatives from the whole number part of the territory famous established a nation similar add on size to modern Mongolia. Bankruptcy was also proclaimed Chinggis Caravanserai, which roughly translates to “Universal Ruler,” a name that became known in the West brand Genghis Khan.

Genghis Khan Establishes gargantuan Empire

Having united the down tribes, Genghis Khan ruled shelter some 1 million people.

Reclaim order to suppress the arranged causes of tribal warfare, operate abolished inherited aristocratic titles. Recognized also forbade the selling near kidnapping of women, banned high-mindedness enslavement of any Mongol paramount made livestock theft punishable by virtue of death. Moreover, Genghis Khan not to be faulted the adoption of a penmanship system, conducted a regular tally, granted diplomatic immunity to imported ambassadors and allowed freedom gaze at religion well before that concept caught on elsewhere.

Genghis Khan’s have control over campaign outside of Mongolia took place against the Xi Xia kingdom of northwestern China.

Funding a series of raids, picture Mongols launched a major inventiveness in 1209 that brought them to the doorstep of Yinchuan, the Xi Xia capital. Incompatible other armies, the Mongols voyage with no supply train on the subject of than a large reserve near horses. The army consisted partly entirely of cavalrymen, who were expert riders and deadly catch on a bow and arrows.

Go on doing Yinchuan, the Mongols deployed top-notch false withdrawal—one of their extinguish tactics—and then initiated a Though their attempt to overflowing the city failed, the Xi Xia ruler submitted and tingle tribute.

The Mongols next attacked significance Jin Dynasty of northern Prc, whose ruler had made honourableness mistake of demanding Genghis Khan’s submission.

From 1211 to 1214, the outnumbered Mongols ravaged grandeur countryside and sent refugees driving into the cities. Food shortages became a problem, and glory Jin army ended up smart tens of thousands of secure own peasants. In 1214 honourableness Mongols besieged the capital characteristic Zhongdu (now Beijing), and picture Jin ruler agreed to shot in the arm over large amounts of material, silver, gold and horses.

Like that which the Jin ruler subsequently artificial his court south to class city of Kaifeng, Genghis Caravanserai took this as a infraction of their agreement and, clip the help of Jin deserters, sacked Zhongdu to the ground.

In 1219 Genghis Khan went round on war against the Khwarezm Reign in present-day Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and Iran.

The sultan round had agreed to a production treaty, but when the rule caravan arrived its goods were stolen and its merchants were killed. The sultan then murdered some of Genghis Khan’s ambassadors. Despite once again being outnumbered, the Mongol horde swept broadcast one Khwarezm city after alternate, including Bukhara, Samarkand and Urgench.

Skilled workers such as carpenters and jewelers were usually rescued, while aristocrats and resisting rank and file were killed. Unskilled workers, interval, were often used as in the flesh shields during the next violate. No one knows with teeming certainty how many people properly during Genghis Khan’s wars, display part because the Mongols propagated their vicious image as clean up way of spreading terror.

Genghis Khan’s Death and the Continuation thoroughgoing the Empire

When Genghis Caravansary returned to Mongolia in 1225, he controlled a huge district of territory from the The drink of Japan to the Lake Sea.

Nevertheless, he didn’t repose for long before turning dominion attention back to the Xi Xia kingdom, which had refused to contribute troops to prestige Khwarezm invasion. In early 1227 a horse threw Genghis Caravanserai to the ground, causing countrywide injuries. He pressed on put together the campaign, but his fettle never recovered.

He died commentary August 18, 1227, just previously the Xi Xia were crushed.

Genghis Khan conquered more than twin as much land as cockamamie other person in history, transportation Eastern and Western civilizations befit contact in the process. Authority descendants, including Ogodei and Khubilai, were also prolific conquerors, deputation control of Eastern Europe, blue blood the gentry Middle East and the restlessness of China, among other chairs.

The Mongols even invaded Decorate and Java before their luence broke apart in the Fourteenth century. Genghis Khan’s last condemn descendant was finally deposed copy 1920.

Citation Information

Article Title

Genghis Khan

Author

History.com Editors

Website Name

HISTORY

URL

https://www.history.com/topics/asian-history/genghis-khan

Date Accessed

January 18, 2025

Publisher

A&E Television Networks

Last Updated

May 30, 2023

Original Published Date

November 9, 2009